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Python (programming language)

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Python</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a> (<a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>), <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>, <a href="Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">20 February 1991 (1991-02-20)<a href="#cite_note-alt-sources-history-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.13.6<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-48a861e4891ff02557896048efdb91c8c18603ae-v20-3">[3]</a>

/ 6 August 2025 (6 August 2025)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.14.0rc1

/ 22 July 2025 (2025-07-22)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck</a>, <a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a>, <a href="Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="Optional_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Optional typing">optional type annotations</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.py, .pyw, .pyz,<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a>

.pyi, .pyc, .pyd</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/">python.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Major <a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a>, <a href="PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, <a href="MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a>, <a href="CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a>, <a href="IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a>, <a href="Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a>, <a href="Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;"><a href="Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a>, <a href="RPython" class="mw-redirect" title="RPython">RPython</a>, <a href="Bazel_(software)" title="Bazel (software)">Starlark</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-faq-created-15">[13]</a> <a href="Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> <a href="ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98-interview-17">[15]</a> <a href="APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-python.org-18">[16]</a> <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-1-19">[17]</a> <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<a href="#cite_note-classmix-20">[18]</a> <a href="CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a>,<a href="#cite_note-effbot-call-by-object-21">[19]</a> <a href="Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-2-22">[20]</a> <a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-3-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-python.org-18">[16]</a> <a href="Icon_(programming_language)" title="Icon (programming language)">Icon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-4-24">[22]</a> <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-6-25">[23]</a> <a href="Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98-interview-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-classmix-20">[18]</a> <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <a href="Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a><a href="#cite_note-python.org-18">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy">Apache Groovy</a>, <a href="Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a>, <a href="Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a>, <a href="CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <a href="D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>, <a href="GDScript" class="mw-redirect" title="GDScript">GDScript</a>, <a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Julia-30">[28]</a> <a href="Mojo_(programming_language)" title="Mojo (programming language)">Mojo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mojo-31">[29]</a> <a href="Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a>, <a href="Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages-32">[30]</a> <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bini-33">[31]</a> <a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lattner2014-34">[32]</a> <a href="V_(programming_language)" title="V (programming language)">V</a><a href="#cite_note-vpeople-35">[33]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;">

<ul><li> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Python Programming">Python Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul>

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Python is a <a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming language</a>. Its design philosophy emphasizes <a href="Code_readability" class="mw-redirect" title="Code readability">code readability</a> with the use of <a href="Significant_indentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant indentation">significant indentation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-7-36">[34]</a>

Python is <a href="Type_system#DYNAMIC" title="Type system">dynamically type-checked</a> and <a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage-collected</a>. It supports multiple <a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming paradigms</a>, including <a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a> (particularly <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>), <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> and <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a>.

<a href="Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the <a href="ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a> programming language, and he first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Python 2.0 was released in 2000. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely <a href="Backward-compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward-compatible">backward-compatible</a> with earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of Python 2.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a>

Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages, and it has gained widespread use in the <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-tiobecurrent-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> It is widely taught as an introductory programming language.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_Python" title="History of Python">History of Python</a></div>

Python was conceived in the late 1980s<a href="#cite_note-venners-interview-pt-1-44">[42]</a> by <a href="Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> at <a href="Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica" title="Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica">Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica</a> (CWI) in the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; it was conceived as a successor to the <a href="ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a> programming language, which was inspired by <a href="SETL" title="SETL">SETL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-12-45">[43]</a> capable of <a href="Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a> and interfacing with the <a href="Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">Amoeba</a> operating system.<a href="#cite_note-faq-created-15">[13]</a> Python implementation began in December, 1989.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-of-python-46">[44]</a> Van Rossum assumed sole responsibility for the project, as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his "permanent vacation" from responsibilities as Python's "<a href="Benevolent_dictator_for_life" title="Benevolent dictator for life">benevolent dictator for life</a>" (BDFL); this title was bestowed on him by the Python community to reflect his long-term commitment as the project's chief decision-maker.<a href="#cite_note-lj-bdfl-resignation-47">[45]</a> (He has since come out of retirement and is self-titled "BDFL-emeritus".) In January 2019, active Python core developers elected a five-member Steering Council to lead the project.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a>

The name Python derives from the British comedy series <a href="Monty_Python's_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-50">[48]</a> (See <a href="#Naming">§ Naming</a>.)

Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features such as <a href="List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehensions</a>, <a href="Cycle_detection" title="Cycle detection">cycle-detecting</a> garbage collection, <a href="Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a>, and <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support.<a href="#cite_note-newin-2.0-51">[49]</a> Python 2.7's <a href="End-of-life_product" class="mw-redirect" title="End-of-life product">end-of-life</a> was initially set for 2015, and then postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to Python 3.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> It no longer receives security patches or updates.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> While Python 2.7 and older versions are officially unsupported, a different unofficial Python implementation, <a href="PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, continues to support Python 2, i.e., "2.7.18+" (plus 3.10), with the plus signifying (at least some) "<a href="Backporting" title="Backporting">backported</a> security updates".<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a>

Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008, with some new semantics and changed syntax. Several releases in the Python 3.x series have added new syntax to the language, and made a few backwards-incompatible changes.

As of 5 August 2025, Python 3.13 is the latest stable release and Python 3.9 is the oldest supported release.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Releases receive two years of full support followed by three years of security support.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_philosophy_and_features">Design philosophy and features</h2></div>

Python is a <a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm programming language</a>. Object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of their features support functional programming and <a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">aspect-oriented programming</a> (including <a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-13-58">[56]</a> and <a href="Metaobject" title="Metaobject">metaobjects</a>).<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-14-59">[57]</a> Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including <a href="Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">design by contract</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-15-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-16-61">[59]</a> and <a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-17-62">[60]</a> Python is often referred to as a <a href="Glue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue language">'glue language</a>'<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> because it can seamlessly integrate components written in other languages.

Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of <a href="Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a> and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for <a href="Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reference_counting-64">[62]</a> It uses dynamic <a href="Name_resolution_(programming_languages)" title="Name resolution (programming languages)">name resolution</a> (<a href="Late_binding" title="Late binding">late binding</a>), which binds method and variable names during program execution.

Python's design offers some support for functional programming in the <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> tradition. It has <code>filter</code>,<code>map</code>and<code>reduce</code> functions; <a href="List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehensions</a>, <a href="Associative_array" title="Associative array">dictionaries</a>, sets, and <a href="Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">generator</a> expressions.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-59-65">[63]</a> The standard library has two modules (<code>itertools</code> and <code>functools</code>) that implement functional tools borrowed from <a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> and <a href="Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-18-66">[64]</a>

Python's core philosophy is summarized in the <a href="Zen_of_Python" title="Zen of Python">Zen of Python</a> (PEP 20), which includes aphorisms such as these:<a href="#cite_note-PEP20-67">[65]</a>

<ul><li>Beautiful is better than ugly.</li>

<li>Explicit is better than implicit.</li>

<li>Simple is better than complex.</li>

<li>Complex is better than complicated.</li>

<li>Readability counts.</li></ul>

However, Python features regularly violate these principles and have received criticism for adding unnecessary language bloat.<a href="#cite_note-Python-Changes-2014-68">[66]</a> Responses to these criticisms note that the Zen of Python is a guideline rather than a rule.<a href="#cite_note-Confusion-regarding-a-rule-in-the-Zen-of-Python-69">[67]</a> The addition of some new features had been controversial: Guido van Rossum resigned as Benevolent Dictator for Life after conflict about adding the assignment expression operator in Python 3.8.<a href="#cite_note-The-Most-Controversial-Python-Walrus-Operator-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-The-Controversy-Behind-The-Walrus-Operator-in-Python-71">[69]</a>

Nevertheless, rather than building all functionality into its core, Python was designed to be highly <a href="Extensible" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible">extensible</a> via modules. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum's vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with ABC, which represented the opposite approach.<a href="#cite_note-venners-interview-pt-1-44">[42]</a>

Python claims to strive for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar, while giving developers a choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>'s motto "<a href="There_is_more_than_one_way_to_do_it" class="mw-redirect" title="There is more than one way to do it">there is more than one way to do it</a>", Python advocates an approach where "there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it.".<a href="#cite_note-PEP20-67">[65]</a> In practice, however, Python provides many ways to achieve a given goal. There are, for example, at least three ways to format a string literal, with no certainty as to which one a programmer should use.<a href="#cite_note-Python-String-Formatting-Best-Practices-72">[70]</a> <a href="Alex_Martelli" title="Alex Martelli">Alex Martelli</a> is a <a href="Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> at the <a href="Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a> and Python book author; he wrote that "To describe something as 'clever' is not considered a compliment in the Python culture."<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-19-73">[71]</a>

Python's developers usually try to avoid <a href="Premature_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature optimization">premature optimization</a>; they also reject patches to non-critical parts of the <a href="CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> reference implementation that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-20-74">[72]</a> Execution speed can be improved by moving speed-critical functions to extension modules written in languages such as C, or by using a <a href="Just-in-time_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-in-time compiler">just-in-time compiler</a> like <a href="PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>. It is also possible to <a href="#Cross-compilers_to_other_languages">cross-compile to other languages</a>; but this approach either fails to achieve the expected speed-up, since Python is a very <a href="Dynamic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic language">dynamic language</a>, or only a restricted subset of Python is compiled (with potential minor semantic changes).<a href="#cite_note-PyJL-75">[73]</a>

Python's developers aim for the language to be fun to use. This goal is reflected in the name—a tribute to the British comedy group <a href="Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a><a href="#cite_note-whyname-76">[74]</a>—and in playful approaches to some tutorials and reference materials. For instance, some code examples use the terms "spam" and "eggs" (in reference to <a href="Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)">a Monty Python sketch</a>), rather than the typical terms <a href="Foobar" title="Foobar">"foo" and "bar"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> A common <a href="Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> in the Python community is pythonic, which has a wide range of meanings related to program style. Pythonic code may use Python <a href="Programming_idiom" title="Programming idiom">idioms</a> well; be natural or show fluency in the language; or conform with Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax_and_semantics">Syntax and semantics</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Python_syntax_and_semantics" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics</a></div>

Python is meant to be an easily readable language. Its formatting is visually uncluttered and often uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation. Unlike many other languages, it does not use <a href="Curly_bracket_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket programming language">curly brackets</a> to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements are allowed but rarely used. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> or <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-52-80">[78]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indentation">Indentation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Python_syntax_and_semantics#Indentation" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics § Indentation</a></div>

Python uses <a href="Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a> indentation, rather than curly brackets or keywords, to delimit <a href="Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">blocks</a>. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-53-81">[79]</a> Thus, the program's visual structure accurately represents its semantic structure.<a href="#cite_note-guttag-82">[80]</a> This feature is sometimes termed the <a href="Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">off-side rule</a>. Some other languages use indentation this way; but in most, indentation has no semantic meaning. The recommended indent size is four spaces.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statements_and_control_flow">Statements and control flow</h3></div>

Python's <a href="Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)">statements</a> include the following:

<ul><li>The <a href="Assignment_(computer_science)" title="Assignment (computer science)">assignment</a> statement, using a single equals sign <code>=</code></li>

<li>The <code><a href="If-then-else" class="mw-redirect" title="If-then-else">if</a></code> statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with <code><a href="Conditional_(computer_programming)#If–then(–else)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">else</a></code> and <code>elif</code> (a contraction of <code><a href="Conditional_(computer_programming)#Else_if" title="Conditional (computer programming)">else if</a></code>)</li>

<li>The <code><a href="Foreach" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreach">for</a></code> statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block</li>

<li>The <code><a href="While_loop#Python" title="While loop">while</a></code> statement, which executes a block of code as long as boolean condition is true</li>

<li>The <code><a href="Exception_handling_syntax#Python" title="Exception handling syntax">try</a></code> statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by <code>except</code> clauses (or new syntax <code>except*</code> in Python 3.11 for exception groups<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a>); the <code>try</code> statement also ensures that clean-up code in a <code>finally</code> block is always run regardless of how the block exits</li>

<li>The <code>raise</code> statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception</li>

<li>The <code>class</code> statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a <a href="Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">class</a>, for use in object-oriented programming</li>

<li>The <code>def</code> statement, which defines a <a href="Function_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (computing)">function</a> or <a href="Method_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computing)">method</a></li>

<li>The <code><a href="Dispose_pattern#Language_constructs" title="Dispose pattern">with</a></code> statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager, allowing <a href="Resource_acquisition_is_initialization" title="Resource acquisition is initialization">resource-acquisition-is-initialization</a> (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Examples of a context include acquiring a <a href="Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">lock</a> before some code is run, and then releasing the lock; or opening and then closing a <a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a></li>

<li>The <code><a href="Break_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Break statement">break</a></code> statement, which exits a loop</li>

<li>The <code>continue</code> statement, which skips the rest of the current iteration and continues with the next</li>

<li>The <code>del</code> statement, which removes a variable—deleting the reference from the name to the value, and producing an error if the variable is referred to before it is redefined <a href="#cite_note-86">[c]</a></li>

<li>The <code>pass</code> statement, serving as a <a href="NOP_(code)" title="NOP (code)">NOP</a> (i.e., no operation), which is syntactically needed to create an empty code block</li>

<li>The <code><a href="Assertion_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assertion (programming)">assert</a></code> statement, used in debugging to check for conditions that should apply</li>

<li>The <code>yield</code> statement, which returns a value from a <a href="Generator_(computer_programming)#Python" title="Generator (computer programming)">generator</a> function (and also an operator); used to implement <a href="Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutines</a></li>

<li>The <code>return</code> statement, used to return a value from a function</li>

<li>The <code><a href="Include_directive" title="Include directive">import</a></code> and <code>from</code> statements, used to import modules whose functions or variables can be used in the current program</li>

<li>The <code>match</code> and <code>case</code> statements, analogous to a <a href="Switch_statement" title="Switch statement">switch statement</a> construct, which compares an expression against one or more cases as a control-flow measure</li></ul>

The assignment statement (<code>=</code>) binds a name as a <a href="Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">reference</a> to a separate, dynamically allocated <a href="Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a>. Variables may subsequently be rebound at any time to any object. In Python, a variable name is a generic reference holder without a fixed <a href="Type_system" title="Type system">data type</a>; however, it always refers to some object with a type. This is called <a href="Type_system#Dynamic_type_checking_and_runtime_type_information" title="Type system">dynamic typing</a>—in contrast to <a href="Statically-typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Statically-typed">statically-typed</a> languages, where each variable may contain only a value of a certain type.

Python does not support <a href="Tail_call" title="Tail call">tail call</a> optimization or <a href="First-class_continuations" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class continuations">first-class continuations</a>; according to Van Rossum, the language never will.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-55-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-56-88">[85]</a> However, better support for <a href="Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutine</a>-like functionality is provided by extending Python's generators.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-57-89">[86]</a> Before 2.5, generators were <a href="Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy</a> <a href="Iterator" title="Iterator">iterators</a>; data was passed unidirectionally out of the generator. From Python 2.5 on, it is possible to pass data back into a generator function; and from version 3.3, data can be passed through multiple stack levels.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-58-90">[87]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressions">Expressions</h3></div>

Python's <a href="Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expressions</a> include the following:

<ul><li>The <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, and <code>*</code> operators for mathematical addition, subtraction, and multiplication are similar to other languages, but the behavior of division differs. There are two types of division in Python: <a href="Floor_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor division">floor division</a> (or integer division) <code>//</code>, and floating-point division <code>/</code>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Python uses the <code>**</code> operator for exponentiation.</li>

<li>Python uses the <code>+</code> operator for string concatenation. The language uses the <code>*</code> operator for duplicating a string a specified number of times.</li>

<li>The <code>@</code> infix operator is intended to be used by libraries such as <a href="NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> for <a href="Matrix_multiplication" title="Matrix multiplication">matrix multiplication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PEP465-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Python3.5Changelog-93">[90]</a></li>

<li>The syntax <code>:=</code>, called the "walrus operator", was introduced in Python 3.8. This operator assigns values to variables as part of a larger expression.<a href="#cite_note-Python3.8Changelog-94">[91]</a></li>

<li>In Python, <code>==</code> compares two objects by value. Python's <code>is</code> operator may be used to compare object identities (i.e., comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a <= b <= c</code>.</li>

<li>Python uses <code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, and <code>not</code> as Boolean operators.</li>

<li>Python has a type of expression called a <a href="List_comprehension#Python" title="List comprehension">list comprehension</a>, and a more general expression called a generator expression.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-59-65">[63]</a></li>

<li><a href="Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous functions</a> are implemented using <a href="Lambda_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda (programming)">lambda expressions</a>; however, there may be only one expression in each body.</li>

<li>Conditional expressions are written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">x if c else y</code>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-60-95">[92]</a> (This is different in operand order from the <code><a href="%3F%3A" class="mw-redirect" title="?:">c ? x : y</a></code> operator common to many other languages.)</li>

<li>Python makes a distinction between <a href="List_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computer science)">lists</a> and <a href="Tuple" title="Tuple">tuples</a>. Lists are written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[1, 2, 3]</code>, are mutable, and cannot be used as the keys of dictionaries (since dictionary keys must be <a href="Immutable" class="mw-redirect" title="Immutable">immutable</a> in Python). Tuples, written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(1, 2, 3)</code>, are immutable and thus can be used as the keys of dictionaries, provided that all of the tuple's elements are immutable. The <code>+</code> operator can be used to concatenate two tuples, which does not directly modify their contents, but produces a new tuple containing the elements of both. For example, given the variable <code>t</code> initially equal to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(1, 2, 3)</code>, executing <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">t = t + (4, 5)</code> first evaluates <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">t + (4, 5)</code>, which yields <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)</code>; this result is then assigned back to <code>t</code>—thereby effectively "modifying the contents" of <code>t</code> while conforming to the immutable nature of tuple objects. Parentheses are optional for tuples in unambiguous contexts.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a></li>

<li>Python features sequence unpacking where multiple expressions, each evaluating to something assignable (e.g., a variable or a writable property) are associated just as in forming tuple literal; as a whole, the results are then put on the left-hand side of the equal sign in an assignment statement. This statement expects an iterable object on the right-hand side of the equal sign to produce the same number of values as the writable expressions on the left-hand side; while iterating, the statement assigns each of the values produced on the right to the corresponding expression on the left.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a></li>

<li>Python has a "string format" operator <code>%</code> that functions analogously to <code><a href="Printf" title="Printf">printf</a></code> format strings in the C language—e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"spam=%s eggs=%d" % ("blah", 2)</code> evaluates to <code>"spam=blah eggs=2"</code>. In Python 2.6+ and 3+, this operator was supplemented by the <code>format()</code> method of the <code>str</code> class, e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"spam={0} eggs={1}".format("blah", 2)</code>. Python 3.6 added "f-strings": <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">spam = "blah"; eggs = 2; f'spam={spam} eggs={eggs}'</code>.<a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-98">[95]</a></li>

<li>Strings in Python can be <a href="Concatenated" class="mw-redirect" title="Concatenated">concatenated</a> by "adding" them (using the same operator as for adding integers and floats); e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"spam" + "eggs"</code> returns <code>"spameggs"</code>. If strings contain numbers, they are concatenated as strings rather than as integers, e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"2" + "2"</code> returns <code>"22"</code>.</li>

<li>Python supports <a href="String_literal" title="String literal">string literals</a> in several ways:

<ul><li>Delimited by single or double quotation marks; single and double quotation marks have equivalent functionality (unlike in <a href="Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shells</a>, <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, and Perl-influenced languages). Both marks use the backslash (<code>\</code>) as an <a href="Escape_character" title="Escape character">escape character</a>. <a href="String_interpolation" title="String interpolation">String interpolation</a> became available in Python 3.6 as "formatted string literals".<a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-98">[95]</a></li>

<li>Triple-quoted, i.e., starting and ending with three single or double quotation marks; this may span multiple lines and function like <a href="Here_document" title="Here document">here documents</a> in shells, Perl, and <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Raw_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw string">Raw string</a> varieties, denoted by prefixing the string literal with <code>r</code>. Escape sequences are not interpreted; hence raw strings are useful where literal backslashes are common, such as in <a href="Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> and <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>-style paths. (Compare "<code>@</code>-quoting" in <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>.)</li></ul></li>

<li>Python has <a href="Array_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Array index">array index</a> and <a href="Array_slicing" title="Array slicing">array slicing</a> expressions in lists, which are written as <code>a[key]</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a[start:stop]</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a[start:stop:step]</code>. Indexes are <a href="Zero-based_numbering" title="Zero-based numbering">zero-based</a>, and negative indexes are relative to the end. Slices take elements from the start index up to, but not including, the stop index. The (optional) third slice <a href="Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">parameter</a>, called step or stride, allows elements to be skipped or reversed. Slice indexes may be omitted—for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a[:]</code> returns a copy of the entire list. Each element of a slice is a <a href="Shallow_copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow copy">shallow copy</a>.</li></ul>

In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as <a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>, or <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>. This distinction leads to duplicating some functionality, for example:

<ul><li><a href="List_comprehensions" class="mw-redirect" title="List comprehensions">List comprehensions</a> vs. <code>for</code>-loops</li>

<li><a href="Conditional_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional (programming)">Conditional</a> expressions vs. <code>if</code> blocks</li>

<li>The <code>eval()</code> vs. <code>exec()</code> built-in functions (in Python 2, <code>exec</code> is a statement); the former function is for expressions, while the latter is for statements</li></ul>

A statement cannot be part of an expression; because of this restriction, expressions such as list and <code>dict</code> comprehensions (and lambda expressions) cannot contain statements. As a particular case, an assignment statement such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a = 1</code> cannot be part of the conditional expression of a conditional statement.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3></div>

<a href="Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">Methods</a> of objects are functions attached to the object's class; the syntax for normal methods and functions, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">instance.method(argument)</code>, is <a href="Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Class.method(instance, argument)</code>. Python methods have an explicit <code><a href="This_(computer_programming)" title="This (computer programming)">self</a></code> parameter to access <a href="Instance_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Instance data">instance data</a>, in contrast to the implicit self (or <code>this</code>) parameter in some object-oriented programming languages (e.g., <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>).<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-61-99">[96]</a> Python also provides methods, often called dunder methods (because their names begin and end with double underscores); these methods allow user-defined classes to modify how they are handled by native operations including length, comparison, <a href="Arithmetic_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic operations">arithmetic</a>, and type conversion.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typing">Typing</h3></div>

Python uses <a href="Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck typing</a>, and it has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at definition time; rather, operations on an object may fail at usage time, indicating that the object is not of an appropriate type. Despite being <a href="Dynamically_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamically typed">dynamically typed</a>, Python is <a href="Strongly_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongly typed">strongly typed</a>, forbidding operations that are poorly defined (e.g., adding a number and a string) rather than quietly attempting to interpret them.

Python allows programmers to define their own types using <a href="Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, most often for <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. New <a href="Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">instances</a> of classes are constructed by calling the class, for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SpamClass()</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EggsClass()</code>); the classes are instances of the <a href="Metaclass" title="Metaclass">metaclass</a> <code>type</code> (which is an instance of itself), thereby allowing metaprogramming and <a href="Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflection</a>.

Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes, both using the same syntax: old-style and new-style.<a href="#cite_note-classy-101">[98]</a> Current Python versions support the semantics of only the new style.

Python supports <a href="Optional_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Optional typing">optional type annotations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-type_hint-PEP-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> These annotations are not enforced by the language, but may be used by external tools such as mypy to catch errors.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Mypy also supports a Python compiler called mypyc, which leverages type annotations for optimization.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a>

<caption>Summary of Python 3's built-in types

</caption>

<th>Type

</th>

<th><a href="Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Mutability</a>

</th>

<th>Description

</th>

<th>Syntax examples

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td><a href="Boolean_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean value">Boolean value</a>

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">True</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">False</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><code>bytearray</code>

</td>

<td>mutable

</td>

<td>Sequence of <a href="Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">bytearray(b'Some ASCII')</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">bytearray(b"Some ASCII")</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">bytearray([119, 105, 107, 105])</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><code>bytes</code>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td>Sequence of bytes

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">b'Some ASCII'</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">b"Some ASCII"</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">bytes([119, 105, 107, 105])</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><code>complex</code>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td><a href="Complex_number" title="Complex number">Complex number</a> with real and imaginary parts

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>mutable

</td>

<td><a href="Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative array</a> (or dictionary) of key and value pairs; can contain mixed types (keys and values); keys must be a hashable type

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">{'key1': 1.0, 3: False}</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">{}</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><code>types.EllipsisType</code>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td>An <a href="Ellipsis_(programming_operator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellipsis (programming operator)">ellipsis</a> placeholder to be used as an index in <a href="NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> arrays

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">...</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Ellipsis</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><code>float</code>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td><a href="Double-precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-precision">Double-precision</a> <a href="Floating-point_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point number">floating-point number</a>. The precision is machine-dependent, but in practice it is generally implemented as a 64-bit <a href="IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a> number with 53 bits of precision.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><code>frozenset</code>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td>Unordered <a href="Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">frozenset([4.0, 'string', True])</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td><a href="Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">Integer</a> of unlimited magnitude<a href="#cite_note-pep0237-107">[104]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>mutable

</td>

<td><a href="List_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computer science)">List</a>, can contain mixed types

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[4.0, 'string', True]</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[]</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><code>types.NoneType</code>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td>An object representing the absence of a value, often called <a href="Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null</a> in other languages

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><code>types.NotImplementedType</code>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td>A placeholder that can be returned from <a href="Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">overloaded operators</a> to indicate unsupported operand types.

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">NotImplemented</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><code>range</code>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td>An immutable sequence of numbers, commonly used for iterating a specific number of times in <code>for</code> loops<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a>

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">range(−1, 10)</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">range(10, −5, −2)</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>mutable

</td>

<td>Unordered <a href="Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">{4.0, 'string', True}</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">set()</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td>A <a href="Character_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Character string">character string</a>: sequence of Unicode codepoints

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'Wikipedia'</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"Wikipedia"</code><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>"""Spanning

multiple

lines"""

</pre></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><code>tuple</code>

</td>

<td>immutable

</td>

<td><a href="Tuple" title="Tuple">Tuple</a>, can contain mixed types

</td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(4.0, 'string', True)</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">('single element',)</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">()</code>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arithmetic_operations">Arithmetic operations</h3></div>

Python includes conventional symbols for arithmetic operators (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>), the floor-division operator <code>//</code>, and the <a href="Modulo_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulo operation">modulo operator</a> <code>%</code>. (With the modulo operator, a remainder can be negative, e.g., <code>4 % -3 == -2</code>.) Python also offers the <code>**</code> symbol for <a href="Exponentiation" title="Exponentiation">exponentiation</a>, e.g. <code>5**3 == 125</code> and <code>9**0.5 == 3.0</code>; it also offers the matrix‑multiplication operator <code>@</code> .<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> These operators work as in traditional mathematics; with the same <a href="Order_of_operations" title="Order of operations">precedence rules</a>, the <a href="Infix_notation" title="Infix notation">infix</a> operators <code>+</code> and <code>-</code> can also be <a href="Unary_operation" title="Unary operation">unary</a>, to represent positive and negative numbers respectively.

Division between integers produces floating-point results. The behavior of division has changed significantly over time:<a href="#cite_note-pep0238-110">[107]</a>

<ul><li>The current version of Python (i.e., since 3.0) changed <code>the /</code> operator to always represent floating-point division, e.g., <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">5/2 == 2.5</code>.</li>

<li>The floor division <code>//</code> operator was introduced. Thus <code>7//3 == 2</code>, <code>-7//3 == -3</code>, <code>7.5//3 == 2.0</code>, and <code>-7.5//3 == -3.0</code>. For outdated Python 2.7 adding the <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python2 mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">from __future__ import division</code> statement causes a module in Python 2.7 to use Python 3.0 rules for division instead (see above).</li></ul>

In Python terms, the <code>/</code> operator represents true division (or simply division), while the <code>//</code> operator represents floor division. Before version 3.0, the <code>/</code> operator represents classic division.<a href="#cite_note-pep0238-110">[107]</a>

<a href="Rounding" title="Rounding">Rounding</a> towards negative infinity, though a different method than in most languages, adds consistency to Python. For instance, this rounding implies that the equation <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(a + b)//b == a//b + 1</code> is always true. The rounding also implies that the equation <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">b*(a//b) + a%b == a</code> is valid for both positive and negative values of <code>a</code>. As expected, the result of <code>a%b</code> lies in the <a href="Half-open_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-open interval">half-open interval</a> [0, b), where <code>b</code> is a positive integer; however, maintaining the validity of the equation requires that the result must lie in the interval (b, 0] when <code>b</code> is negative.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-62-111">[108]</a>

Python provides a <code>round</code> function for rounding a float to the nearest integer. For <a href="Rounding#Tie-breaking" title="Rounding">tie-breaking</a>, Python 3 uses the round to even method: <code>round(1.5)</code> and <code>round(2.5)</code> both produce <code>2</code>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-64-112">[109]</a> Python versions before 3 used the <a href="Rounding#Rounding_away_from_zero" title="Rounding">round-away-from-zero</a> method: <code>round(0.5)</code> is <code>1.0</code>, and <code>round(-0.5)</code> is <code>−1.0</code>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-63-113">[110]</a>

Python allows Boolean expressions that contain multiple equality relations to be consistent with general usage in mathematics. For example, the expression <code>a tests whether <code>a</code> is less than <code>b</code> and <code>b</code> is less than <code>c</code>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-65-114">[111]</a> C-derived languages interpret this expression differently: in C, the expression would first evaluate <code>a < b</code>, resulting in 0 or 1, and that result would then be compared with <code>c</code>.<a href="#cite_note-CPL-115">[112]</a>

Python uses <a href="Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">arbitrary-precision arithmetic</a> for all integer operations. The <code>Decimal</code> type/class in the <code>decimal</code> module provides <a href="Decimal_floating_point" title="Decimal floating point">decimal floating-point numbers</a> to a pre-defined arbitrary precision with several rounding modes.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-88-116">[113]</a> The <code>Fraction</code> class in the <code>fractions</code> module provides arbitrary precision for <a href="Rational_number" title="Rational number">rational numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a>

Due to Python's extensive mathematics library and the third-party library <a href="NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a>, the language is frequently used for scientific scripting in tasks such as numerical data processing and manipulation.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function_syntax">Function syntax</h3></div>

<a href="Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)">Functions</a> are created in Python by using the <code>def</code> keyword. A function is defined similarly to how it is called, by first providing the function name and then the required parameters. Here is an example of a function that prints its inputs:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python3 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def printer(input1, input2="already there"):

print(input1)

print(input2)

printer("hello")

# Example output:

# hello

# already there

</pre></div>To assign a default value to a function parameter in case no actual value is provided at run time, variable-definition syntax can be used inside the function header.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Code_examples">Code examples</h2></div>

<a href="%22Hello%2C_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a>:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>print('Hello, world!')

</pre></div>

Program to calculate the <a href="Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> of a positive integer:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre>n = int(input('Type a number, and its factorial will be printed: '))

if n < 0:

raise ValueError('You must enter a non-negative integer')

factorial = 1

for i in range(2, n + 1):

factorial *= i

print(factorial)

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libraries">Libraries</h2></div>

Python's large standard library<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-86-120">[117]</a> is commonly cited as one of its greatest strengths. For Internet-facing applications, many standard formats and protocols such as <a href="MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> and <a href="HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> are supported. The language includes modules for creating <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a>, connecting to <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a>, <a href="Pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Pseudorandom number generator">generating pseudorandom numbers</a>, arithmetic with arbitrary-precision decimals,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-88-116">[113]</a> manipulating <a href="Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>, and <a href="Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">unit testing</a>.

Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications—for example, the <a href="Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Web Server Gateway Interface</a> (WSGI) implementation <code>wsgiref</code> follows PEP 333<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-89-121">[118]</a>—but most parts are specified by their code, internal documentation, and <a href="Test_suite" title="Test suite">test suites</a>. However, because most of the standard library is cross-platform Python code, only a few modules must be altered or rewritten for variant implementations.

As of 13 March 2025, the <a href="Python_Package_Index" title="Python Package Index">Python Package Index</a> (PyPI), the official repository for third-party Python software, contains over 614,339<a href="#cite_note-PyPI-122">[119]</a> packages. These have a wide range of functionality, including the following:

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</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">

<ul><li><a href="Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data analytics">Data analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li>

<li><a href="Documentation" title="Documentation">Documentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interfaces</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">Image processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Mobile apps</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">Computer networking</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computing">Scientific computing</a></li>

<li><a href="System_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="System administration">System administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Test_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Test framework">Test frameworks</a></li>

<li><a href="Text_processing" title="Text processing">Text processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">Web scraping</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_environments">Development environments</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#Python" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Comparison of integrated development environments § Python</a></div>

Most Python implementations (including CPython) include a <a href="Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">read–eval–print loop</a> (REPL); this permits the environment to function as a <a href="Command_line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interpreter">command line interpreter</a>, with which users enter statements sequentially and receive results immediately.

Python is also bundled with an <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment (IDE)</a> called <a href="IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>, which is oriented toward beginners.

Other shells, including <a href="IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a> and <a href="IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, add additional capabilities such as improved auto-completion, session-state retention, and <a href="Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a>.

Standard desktop IDEs include PyCharm, IntelliJ Idea, Visual Studio Code; there are also <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>-based IDEs, such as the following environments:

<ul><li><a href="SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a>, for developing science- and math-related programs;</li>

<li><a href="Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter Notebooks</a>, an open-source interactive computing platform;</li>

<li><a href="PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">PythonAnywhere</a>, a browser-based IDE and hosting environment; and</li>

<li>Canopy IDE, a commercial IDE that emphasizes <a href="Scientific_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computing">scientific computing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_Python_software#Python_implementations" title="List of Python software">List of Python software § Python implementations</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_implementation">Reference implementation</h3></div>

<a href="CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> is the <a href="Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">reference implementation</a> of Python. This implementation is written in C, meeting the <a href="C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">C11</a> standard<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> (since version 3.11, older versions use the <a href="C89_(C_version)" class="mw-redirect" title="C89 (C version)">C89</a> standard with several select <a href="C99" title="C99">C99</a> features), but third-party extensions are not limited to older C versions—e.g., they can be implemented using C11 or C++.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-66-127">[124]</a> CPython <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiles</a> Python programs into an intermediate <a href="Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-67-128">[125]</a> which is then executed by a <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-68-129">[126]</a> CPython is distributed with a large standard library written in a combination of C and native Python.

CPython is available for many platforms, including Windows and most modern <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems, including macOS (and <a href="Apple_M1" title="Apple M1">Apple M1</a> Macs, since Python 3.9.1, using an experimental installer). Starting with Python 3.9, the Python installer intentionally fails to install on <a href="Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> and 8;<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> <a href="Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> was supported until Python 3.5, with unofficial support for <a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Platform portability was one of Python's earliest priorities.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-69-133">[130]</a> During development of Python 1 and 2, even <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> and <a href="Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> were supported;<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> since that time, support has been dropped for many platforms.

All current Python versions (since 3.7) support only operating systems that feature multithreading, by now supporting not nearly as many operating systems (dropping many outdated) than in the past.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_implementations">Other implementations</h3></div>

All alternative implementations have at least slightly different semantic. For example, an alternative may include unordered dictionaries, in contrast to other current Python versions. As another example in the larger Python ecosystem, PyPy does not support the full C Python API. Alternative implementations include the following:

<ul><li><a href="PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a> is a fast, compliant interpreter of Python 2.7 and 3.10.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-70-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> PyPy's <a href="Just-in-time_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-in-time compiler">just-in-time compiler</a> often improves speed significantly relative to CPython, but PyPy does not support some libraries written in C.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-71-137">[134]</a> PyPy offers support for the <a href="RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a> instruction-set architecture.</li>

<li>Codon is an implementation with an <a href="Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler</a>, which compiles a statically-typed Python-like language whose "syntax and semantics are nearly identical to Python's, there are some notable differences"<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> For example, Codon uses 64-bit machine integers for speed, not arbitrarily as with Python; Codon developers claim that speedups over CPython are usually on the order of ten to a hundred times. Codon compiles to machine code (via <a href="LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>) and supports native multithreading.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> Codon can also compile to Python extension modules that can be imported and used from Python.</li>

<li><a href="MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a> and <a href="CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a> are Python 3 variants that are optimized for <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, including the <a href="Lego_Mindstorms_EV3" title="Lego Mindstorms EV3">Lego Mindstorms EV3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a></li>

<li>Pyston is a variant of the Python runtime that uses just-in-time compilation to speed up execution of Python programs.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a></li>

<li>Cinder is a performance-oriented fork of CPython 3.8 that features a number of optimizations, including bytecode inline caching, eager evaluation of coroutines, a method-at-a-time <a href="Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT</a>, and an experimental bytecode compiler.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a></li>

<li>The Snek<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> embedded computing language "is Python-inspired, but it is not Python. It is possible to write Snek programs that run under a full Python system, but most Python programs will not run under Snek."<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> Snek is compatible with 8-bit <a href="AVR_microcontrollers" title="AVR microcontrollers">AVR microcontrollers</a> such as <a href="ATmega" class="mw-redirect" title="ATmega">ATmega 328P</a>-based Arduino, as well as larger microcontrollers that are compatible with <a href="MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a>. Snek is an imperative language that (unlike Python) omits <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. Snek supports only one numeric data type, which features 32-bit <a href="Single-precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-precision">single precision</a> (resembling <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> numbers, though smaller).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsupported_implementations">Unsupported implementations</h3></div>

<a href="Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a> is a significant fork of CPython that implements <a href="Microthread" title="Microthread">microthreads</a>. This implementation uses the <a href="Call_stack" title="Call stack">call stack</a> differently, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also offers a stackless version.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-73-147">[144]</a>

Just-in-time Python compilers have been developed, but are now unsupported:

<ul><li>Google began a project named <a href="Unladen_Swallow" title="Unladen Swallow">Unladen Swallow</a> in 2009: this project aimed to speed up the Python interpreter five-fold by using <a href="LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>, and improve <a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">multithreading</a> capability for scaling to thousands of cores,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-74-148">[145]</a> while typical implementations are limited by the <a href="Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">global interpreter lock</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Psyco" title="Psyco">Psyco</a> is a discontinued <a href="Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time</a> <a href="Run-time_algorithm_specialization" title="Run-time algorithm specialization">specializing</a> compiler, which integrates with CPython and transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The emitted code is specialized for certain <a href="Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> and is faster than standard Python code. Psyco does not support Python 2.7 or later.</li>

<li><a href="PyS60" class="mw-redirect" title="PyS60">PyS60</a> was a Python 2 interpreter for <a href="Series_60" class="mw-redirect" title="Series 60">Series 60</a> mobile phones, which was released by <a href="Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> in 2005. The interpreter implemented many modules from Python's standard library, as well as additional modules for integration with the <a href="Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> operating system. The Nokia <a href="N900" class="mw-redirect" title="N900">N900</a> also supports Python through the <a href="GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> widget library, allowing programs to be written and run on the target device.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-compilers_to_other_languages">Cross-compilers to other languages</h3></div>

There are several compilers/<a href="Transpiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpiler">transpilers</a> to high-level object languages; the source language is unrestricted Python, a subset of Python, or a language similar to Python:

<ul><li>Brython,<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> Transcrypt,<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> and <a href="Pyjs" title="Pyjs">Pyjs</a> compile Python to <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>. (The latest release of Pyjs was in 2012.)</li>

<li><a href="Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a> compiles a superset of Python to C. The resulting code can be used with Python via direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.</li>

<li>PyJL compiles/transpiles a subset of Python to "human-readable, maintainable, and high-performance Julia source code".<a href="#cite_note-PyJL-75">[73]</a> Despite the developers' performance claims, this is not possible for arbitrary Python code; that is, compiling to a faster language or machine code is known to be impossible in the general case. The semantics of Python might potentially be changed, but in many cases speedup is possible with few or no changes in the Python code. The faster Julia source code can then be used from Python or compiled to machine code.</li>

<li><a href="Nuitka" title="Nuitka">Nuitka</a> compiles Python into C.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> This compiler works with Python 3.4 to 3.12 (and 2.6 and 2.7) for Python's main supported platforms (and Windows 7 or even Windows XP) and for Android. The compiler developers claim full support for Python 3.10, partial support for Python 3.11 and 3.12, and experimental support for Python 3.13. Nuitka supports macOS including Apple Silicon-based versions. The compiler is free of cost, though it has commercial add-ons (e.g., for hiding source code).</li>

<li><a href="Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a> is a JIT compiler that is used from Python; the compiler translates a subset of Python and NumPy code into fast machine code. This tool is enabled by adding a decorator to the relevant Python code.</li>

<li>Pythran compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (<a href="C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Guelton_Brunet_Amini_Merlini_2015_p=014001-154">[151]</a></li>

<li><a href="RPython" class="mw-redirect" title="RPython">RPython</a> can be compiled to C, and it is used to build the PyPy interpreter for Python.</li>

<li>The Python → 11l → C++ transpiler<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (<a href="C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>).</li></ul>

There are also specialized compilers:

<ul><li><a href="MyHDL" title="MyHDL">MyHDL</a> is a Python-based <a href="Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">hardware description language</a> (HDL) that converts MyHDL code to <a href="Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a> or <a href="VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> code.</li></ul>

Some older projects existed, as well as compilers not designed for use with Python 3.x and related syntax:

<ul><li>Google's Grumpy <a href="Transpile" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpile">transpiles</a> Python 2 to <a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> The latest release was in 2017.</li>

<li><a href="IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a> allows running Python 2.7 programs with the .NET <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> An <a href="Software_release_life_cycle#Alpha" title="Software release life cycle">alpha</a> version (released in 2021), is available for "Python 3.4, although features and behaviors from later versions may be included."<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a></li>

<li><a href="Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a> compiles Python 2.7 to Java bytecode, allowing the use of Java libraries from a Python program.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrex_(programming_language)" title="Pyrex (programming language)">Pyrex</a> (last released in 2010) and <a href="Shed_Skin" title="Shed Skin">Shed Skin</a> (last released in 2013) compile to C and C++ respectively.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3></div>

A performance comparison among various Python implementations, using a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload, was presented at EuroSciPy '13.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> In addition, Python's performance relative to other programming languages is benchmarked by <a href="The_Computer_Language_Benchmarks_Game" title="The Computer Language Benchmarks Game">The Computer Language Benchmarks Game</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a>

There are several approaches to optimizing Python performance, given the inherent slowness of an <a href="Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">interpreted language</a>. These approaches include the following strategies or tools:

<ul><li><a href="Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">Just-in-time compilation</a>: Dynamically compiling Python code just before it is executed. This technique is used in libraries such as <a href="Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a> and <a href="PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Static compilation</a>: Python code is compiled into machine code sometime before execution. An example of this approach is Cython, which compiles Python into C.</li>

<li>Concurrency and parallelism: Multiple tasks can be run simultaneously. Python contains modules such as `multiprocessing` to support this form of parallelism. Moreover, this approach helps to overcome limitations of the <a href="Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">Global Interpreter Lock</a> (GIL) in CPU tasks.</li>

<li>Efficient data structures: Performance can also be improved by using data types such as <code>Set</code> for membership tests, or <code>deque</code> from <code>collections</code> for <a href="Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queue</a> operations.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_Development">Language Development</h2></div>

Python's development is conducted largely through the Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) process; this process is the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting community input on issues, and documenting Python design decisions.<a href="#cite_note-PepCite000-164">[161]</a> Python coding style is covered in PEP 8.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and the steering council.<a href="#cite_note-PepCite000-164">[161]</a>

Enhancement of the language corresponds with development of the CPython reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for the language's development. Specific issues were originally discussed in the <a href="Roundup_(issue_tracker)" title="Roundup (issue tracker)">Roundup</a> <a href="Bug_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug tracker">bug tracker</a> hosted by the foundation.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-21-166">[163]</a> In 2022, all issues and discussions were migrated to <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> Development originally took place on a <a href="Self-hosting_(web_services)" title="Self-hosting (web services)">self-hosted</a> source-code repository running <a href="Mercurial" title="Mercurial">Mercurial</a>, until Python moved to <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> in January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-py_dev_guide-168">[165]</a>

CPython's public releases have three types, distinguished by which part of the version number is incremented:

<ul><li>Backward-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and must be manually <a href="Ported" class="mw-redirect" title="Ported">ported</a>. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releases happen infrequently—version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0. According to Guido van Rossum, a version 4.0 will probably never exist.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a></li>

<li>Major or "feature" releases are largely compatible with the previous version but introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. Starting with Python 3.9, these releases are expected to occur annually.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Each major version is supported by bug fixes for several years after its release.<a href="#cite_note-release-schedule-172">[169]</a></li>

<li>Bug fix releases,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-22-173">[170]</a> which introduce no new features, occur approximately every three months; these releases are made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed <a href="Upstream_(software_development)" title="Upstream (software development)">upstream</a> since the last release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final part of the version number is incremented.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-22-173">[170]</a></li></ul>

Many <a href="Beta_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta release">alpha, beta, and release-candidates</a> are also released as previews and for testing before final releases. Although there is a rough schedule for releases, they are often delayed if the code is not ready yet. Python's development team monitors the state of the code by running a large <a href="Unit_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit test">unit test</a> suite during development.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-23-174">[171]</a>

The major <a href="Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">academic conference</a> on Python is <a href="PyCon" class="mw-redirect" title="PyCon">PyCon</a>. There are also special Python mentoring programs, such as <a href="PyLadies" title="PyLadies">PyLadies</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="API_documentation_generators">API documentation generators</h2></div>

Tools that can generate documentation for Python <a href="API" title="API">API</a> include <a href="Pydoc" title="Pydoc">pydoc</a> (available as part of the standard library); <a href="Sphinx_(documentation_generator)" title="Sphinx (documentation generator)">Sphinx</a>; and <a href="Pdoc" title="Pdoc">Pdoc</a> and its forks, <a href="Doxygen" title="Doxygen">Doxygen</a> and <a href="Graphviz" title="Graphviz">Graphviz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2></div>

Python's name is inspired by the British comedy group <a href="Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture;<a href="#cite_note-tutorial-chapter1-176">[173]</a> for example, the <a href="Metasyntactic_variable" title="Metasyntactic variable">metasyntactic variables</a> often used in Python literature are <a href="Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)">spam and eggs</a>, rather than the traditional <a href="Foobar" title="Foobar">foo and bar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tutorial-chapter1-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-26-177">[174]</a> The official Python documentation also contains various references to Monty Python routines.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> Python users are sometimes referred to as "Pythonistas".<a href="#cite_note-introducing_python-180">[177]</a>

The <a href="Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> Py is often used when naming Python applications or libraries. Some examples include the following:

<ul><li><a href="Pygame" title="Pygame">Pygame</a>, a <a href="Language_binding" title="Language binding">binding</a> of <a href="Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">Simple DirectMedia Layer</a> to Python (commonly used to create games);</li>

<li><a href="PyQt" title="PyQt">PyQt</a> and <a href="PyGTK" title="PyGTK">PyGTK</a>, which bind <a href="Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a> and GTK to Python respectively;</li>

<li><a href="PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, a Python implementation originally written in Python;</li>

<li><a href="NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a>, a Python library for numerical processing.</li>

<li><a href="Jupyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupyter">Jupyter</a>, a <a href="Notebook_interface" title="Notebook interface">notebook interface</a> and associated project for interactive computing</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2></div>

Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten of the most popular programming languages in the <a href="TIOBE_Programming_Community_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="TIOBE Programming Community Index">TIOBE Programming Community Index</a>; as of December 2022, Python was the most popular language.<a href="#cite_note-tiobecurrent-41">[39]</a> Python was selected as Programming Language of the Year (for "the highest rise in ratings in a year") in 2007, 2010, 2018, and 2020—the only language to have done so four times as of 2020<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a>). In the TIOBE Index, monthly rankings are based on the volume of searches for programming languages on Google, Amazon, Wikipedia, Bing, and 20 other platforms. According to the accompanying graph, Python has shown a marked upward trend since the early 2000s, eventually passing more established languages such as C, C++, and Java. This trend can be attributed to Python's readable syntax, comprehensive standard library, and application in data science and machine learning fields.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a>

Large organizations that use Python include <a href="Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>,<a href="#cite_note-quotes-about-python-183">[180]</a> <a href="Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-29-184">[181]</a> <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-30-185">[182]</a> <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-31-186">[183]</a> <a href="Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>,<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> <a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> <a href="Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> and some smaller entities such as <a href="Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-32-190">[187]</a> and <a href="ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">ITA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-33-191">[188]</a> The social news networking site <a href="Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> was developed mostly in Python.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> Organizations that partly use Python include <a href="Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> and <a href="Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Use">Types of Use</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">List of Python software</a></div>

Python has many uses, including the following:

<ul><li><a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a> for <a href="Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a></li>

<li>Scientific computing</li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> projects</li>

<li><a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interfaces</a> and <a href="Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environments</a></li>

<li>Embedded scripting in software and hardware products</li>

<li>Operating systems</li>

<li><a href="Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li></ul>

Python can serve as a scripting language for web applications, e.g., via the <a href="Mod_wsgi" title="Mod wsgi">mod_wsgi</a> module for the <a href="Apache_webserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache webserver">Apache web server</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-35-195">[192]</a> With <a href="Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Web Server Gateway Interface</a>, a standard API has evolved to facilitate these applications. <a href="Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a> such as <a href="Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a>, <a href="Pylons_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pylons (web framework)">Pylons</a>, <a href="Pyramid_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid (web framework)">Pyramid</a>, <a href="TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a>, <a href="Web2py" title="Web2py">web2py</a>, <a href="Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a>, <a href="Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a>, Bottle, and <a href="Zope" title="Zope">Zope</a> support developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications. Pyjs and <a href="IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a> can be used to develop the client-side of Ajax-based applications. <a href="SQLAlchemy" title="SQLAlchemy">SQLAlchemy</a> can be used as a <a href="Data_mapper_pattern" title="Data mapper pattern">data mapper</a> to a relational database. <a href="Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">Twisted</a> is a framework to program communication between computers; this framework is used by <a href="Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a>, for example.

Libraries such as <a href="NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a>, <a href="SciPy" title="SciPy">SciPy</a> and <a href="Matplotlib" title="Matplotlib">Matplotlib</a> allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing,<a href="#cite_note-cise-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-millman-197">[194]</a> with specialized libraries such as <a href="Biopython" title="Biopython">Biopython</a> and <a href="Astropy" title="Astropy">Astropy</a> providing domain-specific functionality. <a href="SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a> is a <a href="Computer_algebra_system" title="Computer algebra system">computer algebra system</a> with a <a href="Notebook_interface" title="Notebook interface">notebook interface</a> that is programmable in Python; the SageMath library covers many aspects of <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, including <a href="Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, <a href="Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">combinatorics</a>, <a href="Numerical_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical mathematics">numerical mathematics</a>, <a href="Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>, and <a href="Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICSE-198">[195]</a> <a href="OpenCV" title="OpenCV">OpenCV</a> has Python bindings with a rich set of features for <a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> and <a href="Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a>

Python is commonly used in artificial-intelligence and machine-learning projects, with support from libraries such as <a href="TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a>, <a href="Keras" title="Keras">Keras</a>, <a href="Pytorch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pytorch">Pytorch</a>, <a href="Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a> and <a href="ProbLog" title="ProbLog">ProbLog</a> (a logic language).<a href="#cite_note-whitepaper2015-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-ProbLogConcepts-204">[201]</a> As a scripting language with a <a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular architecture</a>, simple syntax, and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for <a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-47-205">[202]</a>

The combination of Python and <a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a> has proven useful for AI applications, with Prolog providing knowledge representation and reasoning capabilities. The Janus system, in particular, exploits similarities between these two languages, in part because of their dynamic typing and their simple, recursive data structures. This combination is typically applied natural language processing, visual query answering, geospatial reasoning, and handling semantic web data.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a>

The Natlog system, implemented in Python, uses <a href="Definite_clause_grammar" title="Definite clause grammar">Definite Clause Grammars</a> (DCGs) to create prompts for two types of generators: text-to-text generators such as GPT3, and text-to-image generators such as DALL-E or Stable Diffusion.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a>

Python can be used for graphical user interfaces (GUIs), by using libraries such as <a href="Tkinter" title="Tkinter">Tkinter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> Similarly, for the <a href="One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> XO computer, most of the <a href="Sugar_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar (software)">Sugar</a> desktop environment is written in Python (as of 2008).<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a>

Python is embedded in many software products (and some hardware products) as a scripting language. These products include the following:

<ul><li><a href="Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">finite element method</a> software such as <a href="Abaqus" title="Abaqus">Abaqus</a>,</li>

<li>3D parametric modelers such as <a href="FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a>,</li>

<li>3D animation packages such as <a href="3ds_Max" class="mw-redirect" title="3ds Max">3ds Max</a>, <a href="Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>, <a href="Cinema_4D" title="Cinema 4D">Cinema 4D</a>, <a href="LightWave_3D" title="LightWave 3D">Lightwave</a>, <a href="Houdini_(software)" title="Houdini (software)">Houdini</a>, <a href="Maya_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (software)">Maya</a>, <a href="Modo_(software)" title="Modo (software)">modo</a>, <a href="MotionBuilder" class="mw-redirect" title="MotionBuilder">MotionBuilder</a>, <a href="Autodesk_Softimage" title="Autodesk Softimage">Softimage</a>,</li>

<li>the visual effects compositor <a href="Nuke_(software)" title="Nuke (software)">Nuke</a>,</li>

<li>2D imaging programs such as <a href="GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> <a href="Inkscape" title="Inkscape">Inkscape</a>, <a href="Scribus" title="Scribus">Scribus</a> and <a href="Paint_Shop_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Paint Shop Pro">Paint Shop Pro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-38-212">[209]</a> and</li>

<li><a href="Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> programs such as <a href="Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">scorewriter</a> and <a href="Capella_(notation_program)" title="Capella (notation program)">capella</a>.</li></ul>

Similarly, <a href="GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a> uses Python as a <a href="Pretty_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretty printer">pretty printer</a> to show complex structures such as C++ containers. <a href="Esri" title="Esri">Esri</a> promotes Python as the best choice for writing scripts in <a href="ArcGIS" title="ArcGIS">ArcGIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-39-213">[210]</a> Python has also been used in several video games,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-40-214">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-41-215">[212]</a> and it has been adopted as first of the three <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> available in <a href="Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">Google App Engine</a> (the other two being <a href="Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a> and <a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>).<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-42-216">[213]</a> <a href="LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> includes Python, and its developers plan to replace Java with Python; LibreOffice's Python Scripting Provider is a core feature<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> since version 4.0 (from 7 February 2013).

Among hardware products, the <a href="Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> <a href="Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">single-board computer</a> project has adopted Python as its main user-programming language.

Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. Python ships with most <a href="Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> <a href="AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a> (using Python 2.7), <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> (as a package), <a href="NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, and <a href="OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> (as a package); it can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use installers written in Python: <a href="Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> uses the <a href="Ubiquity_(software)" title="Ubiquity (software)">Ubiquity</a> installer, while <a href="Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a> and <a href="Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a> use the <a href="Anaconda_(installer)" title="Anaconda (installer)">Anaconda</a> installer. <a href="Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a> uses Python in its <a href="Package_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management system">package management system</a>, <a href="Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">Portage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-51-219">[216]</a>

Python is used extensively in the information security industry, including in exploit development.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-49-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-50-221">[218]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_influenced_by_Python">Languages influenced by Python</h2></div>

Python's design and philosophy have influenced many other programming languages:

<ul><li><a href="Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a> uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object model.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-90-222">[219]</a></li>

<li><a href="Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a> uses indentation and a similar syntax; its Acknowledgements document lists Python first among influencing languages.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-91-223">[220]</a></li>

<li><a href="CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, a programming language that cross-compiles to JavaScript, has a Python-inspired syntax.</li>

<li><a href="ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>–<a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> borrowed iterators and <a href="Generator_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generator (computer science)">generators</a> from Python.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-93-224">[221]</a></li>

<li><a href="GDScript" class="mw-redirect" title="GDScript">GDScript</a>, a Python-like scripting language that is built in to the <a href="Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">Godot</a> game engine.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a></li>

<li><a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> is designed for "speed of working in a dynamic language like Python";<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-94-226">[223]</a> Go shares Python's syntax for slicing arrays.</li>

<li><a href="Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a> was motivated by a desire to incorporate the Python design philosophy into <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-95-227">[224]</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> was designed to be "as usable for general programming as Python".<a href="#cite_note-Julia-30">[28]</a></li>

<li><a href="Mojo_(programming_language)" title="Mojo (programming language)">Mojo</a> is a non-strict<a href="#cite_note-Mojo-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> superset of Python (e.g., omitting classes, and adding <a href="Struct" class="mw-redirect" title="Struct">struct</a>).<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a></li>

<li><a href="Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a> uses indentation and a similar syntax.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>'s creator, <a href="Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a>, said that "I wanted a scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my own language."<a href="#cite_note-linuxdevcenter-231">[228]</a></li>

<li><a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>, a programming language developed by Apple, has some Python-inspired syntax.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> blends Python and Java features, which minimizes boilerplate code and enhances developer efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a></li></ul>

Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. For example, Python requires a document that describes the rationale and context for any language change; this document is known as a Python Enhancement Proposal or PEP. This practice is also used by the developers of <a href="Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-99-234">[231]</a> <a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-100-235">[232]</a> and Swift.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Python_syntax_and_semantics" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Pip_(package_manager)" title="Pip (package manager)">pip (package manager)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History of programming languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> since 3.5, but those hints are ignored, except with unofficial tools<a href="#cite_note-type_hint-PEP-5">[5]</a>

</li>

<ul><li>Tier 1: 64-bit <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>; 64- and 32-bit <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> 10+<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></li>

<li>Tier 2: E.g. 32-bit <a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> (WASI)</li>

<li>Tier 3: 64-bit <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, and (32-bit) <a href="Raspberry_Pi_OS" title="Raspberry Pi OS">Raspberry Pi OS</a> Unofficial (or has been known to work): Other <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>/<a href="BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> variants) and a few other platforms<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <code>del</code> in Python does not behave the same way <code>delete</code> in languages such as <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> does, where such a word is used to call the <a href="Destructor_(computer_programming)" title="Destructor (computer programming)">destructor</a> and deallocate heap memory.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-linuxdevcenter-231"><a href="#cite_ref-linuxdevcenter_231-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">"An Interview with the Creator of Ruby"</a>. Linuxdevcenter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428150410/http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLattner2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Chris_Lattner" title="Chris Lattner">Lattner, Chris</a> (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nondot.org/sabre">"Chris Lattner's Homepage"</a>. Chris Lattner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222150510/http://nondot.org/sabre/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2014. <q>I started work on the Swift Programming Language in July of 2010. I implemented much of the basic language structure, with only a few people knowing of its existence. A few other (amazing) people started contributing in earnest late in 2011, and it became a major focus for the Apple Developer Tools group in July 2013 [...] drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJalan2022" class="citation web cs1">Jalan, Nishant Aanjaney (10 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/codex/programming-in-kotlin-934bdb3659cf">"Programming in Kotlin"</a>. CodeX. Retrieved 29 April 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-99-234"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-99_234-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKupriesFellows2000" class="citation web cs1">Kupries, Andreas; Fellows, Donal K. (14 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/3.html">"TIP #3: TIP Format"</a>. tcl.tk. Tcl Developer Xchange. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713233954/http://tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2008.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-100-235"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-100_235-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGustafssonNiskanen2007" class="citation web cs1">Gustafsson, Per; Niskanen, Raimo (29 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erlang.org/eeps/eep-0001.html">"EEP 1: EEP Purpose and Guidelines"</a>. erlang.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615153206/http://erlang.org/eeps/eep-0001.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/blob/master/process.md">"Swift Evolution Process"</a>. Swift Programming Language Evolution repository on GitHub. 18 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427182556/https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/blob/master/process.md">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101045354/http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonForArtificialIntelligence">"Python for Artificial Intelligence"</a>. Python Wiki. 19 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonForArtificialIntelligence">the original</a> on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPaine2005" class="citation journal cs1">Paine, Jocelyn, ed. (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326105810/http://www.ainewsletter.com/newsletters/aix_0508.htm#python_ai_ai">"AI in Python"</a>. AI Expert Newsletter. Amzi!. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ainewsletter.com/newsletters/aix_0508.htm#python_ai_ai">the original</a> on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyAIML">"PyAIML 0.8.5 : Python Package Index"</a>. Pypi.python.org. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRussellNorvig2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell, Stuart J.</a> & <a href="Peter_Norvig" title="Peter Norvig">Norvig, Peter</a> (2009). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-13-604259-4</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDowney2024" class="citation book cs1">Downey, Allen (July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allendowney.github.io/ThinkPython/">Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist</a> (3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1098155438</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLutz2013" class="citation book cs1">Lutz, Mark (2013). Learning Python (5th ed.). O'Reilly Media. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-596-15806-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSummerfield2009" class="citation book cs1">Summerfield, Mark (2009). Programming in Python 3 (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-321-68056-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRamalho2022" class="citation book cs1">Ramalho, Luciano (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/books/fluent-python-2nd-edition">Fluent Python</a>. O'Reilly Media. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4920-5632-4</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/">Official website</a> </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/">The Python Tutorial</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Python379" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;"><a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a></li>

<li><a href="CLPython" title="CLPython">CLPython</a></li>

<li><a href="CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a></li>

<li><a href="Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a></li>

<li><a href="Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a></li>

<li><a href="IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li>

<li><a href="Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a></li>

<li><a href="Psyco" title="Psyco">Psyco</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_for_S60" title="Python for S60">Python for S60</a></li>

<li><a href="Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Unladen_Swallow" title="Unladen Swallow">Unladen Swallow</a></li>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;"><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ninja-IDE" title="Ninja-IDE">Ninja-IDE</a></li>

<li><a href="PyCharm" title="PyCharm">PyCharm</a></li>

<li><a href="PyDev" title="PyDev">PyDev</a></li>

<li><a href="Spyder_(software)" title="Spyder (software)">Spyder</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Designer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background: #FFCC55;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">Software</a> (list)</li>

<li><a href="Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_Conference" title="Python Conference">Python Conference</a> (PyCon)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li>

<li><a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Lists: <a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>

<li><a href="Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Python_web_frameworks122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Python_web_frameworks122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="Web_framework" title="Web framework">web frameworks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CherryPy" title="CherryPy">CherryPy</a></li>

<li><a href="CubicWeb" title="CubicWeb">CubicWeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a></li>

<li><a href="FastAPI" title="FastAPI">FastAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a></li>

<li><a href="Nevow" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevow">Nevow</a></li>

<li><a href="Pylons_project#Pylons_Framework" title="Pylons project">Pylons</a></li>

<li><a href="Pylons_project#Pyramid" title="Pylons project">Pyramid</a></li>

<li><a href="Quixote_(web_framework)" title="Quixote (web framework)">Quixote</a></li>

<li><a href="Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a></li>

<li><a href="TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a></li>

<li><a href="Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">TwistedWeb</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_server-side_web_frameworks#Python" title="Comparison of server-side web frameworks">Comparison</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Differentiable_computing254" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Differentiable_computing254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Differentiable computing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Differentiable_function" title="Differentiable function">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_geometry" title="Information geometry">Information geometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_manifold" title="Statistical manifold">Statistical manifold</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_differentiation" title="Automatic differentiation">Automatic differentiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromorphic_computing" title="Neuromorphic computing">Neuromorphic computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">Pattern recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Ricci_calculus" title="Ricci calculus">Ricci calculus</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive bias</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li>

<li><a href="SpiNNaker" title="SpiNNaker">SpiNNaker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li>

<li><a href="PyTorch" title="PyTorch">PyTorch</a></li>

<li><a href="Keras" title="Keras">Keras</a></li>

<li><a href="Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a></li>

<li><a href="Theano_(software)" title="Theano (software)">Theano</a></li>

<li><a href="MindSpore" title="MindSpore">MindSpore</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Portals

<ul><li><a href="Portal%3AComputer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Portal%3ATechnology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li>

<li><a href="Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li>

<li><a href="Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>

<li><a href="Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li>

<li><a href="Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li>

<li><a href="WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li>

<li><a href="Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>

<li><a href="Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li>

<li><a href="Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li>

<li><a href="Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li>

<li><a href="License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li>

<li><a href="Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li>

<li><a href="Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li>

<li><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li>

<li><a href="SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li>

<li><a href="Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li>

<li><a href="Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AFree_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statistical_software284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Statistical_software284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">Statistical software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dataplot" title="Dataplot">Dataplot</a></li>

<li><a href="CSPro" title="CSPro">CSPro</a></li>

<li><a href="X-12-ARIMA" class="mw-redirect" title="X-12-ARIMA">X-12-ARIMA</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamovi" title="Jamovi">jamovi</a></li>

<li><a href="JMulTi" title="JMulTi">JMulTi</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (Julia, Python, R)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenBUGS" title="OpenBUGS">OpenBUGS</a></li>

<li><a href="Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">Orange</a></li>

<li> (statsmodels, <a href="PyMC3" class="mw-redirect" title="PyMC3">PyMC3</a>, <a href="IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, <a href="IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>)</li>

<li><a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> (<a href="RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a>)</li>

<li><a href="SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li>

<li><a href="SimFiT" title="SimFiT">SimFiT</a></li>

<li><a href="SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA Statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="XLispStat" title="XLispStat">XLispStat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="CumFreq" title="CumFreq">CumFreq</a></li>

<li><a href="SegReg" title="SegReg">SegReg</a></li>

<li><a href="XploRe" title="XploRe">XploRe</a></li>

<li><a href="WinBUGS" title="WinBUGS">WinBUGS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>

<li><a href="GraphPad_InStat" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad InStat">GraphPad InStat</a></li>

<li><a href="GraphPad_Prism" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad Prism">GraphPad Prism</a></li>

<li>IBM <a href="SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a> Statistics</li>

<li>IBM <a href="SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a></li>

<li><a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<li><a href="OxMetrics" title="OxMetrics">OxMetrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="SmartPLS" title="SmartPLS">SmartPLS</a></li>

<li><a href="Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li>

<li><a href="StatView" title="StatView">StatView</a></li>

<li><a href="SUDAAN" title="SUDAAN">SUDAAN</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">World Programming System</a> (WPS)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="EViews" title="EViews">EViews</a></li>

<li><a href="Genstat" title="Genstat">GenStat</a></li>

<li><a href="LIMDEP" title="LIMDEP">LIMDEP</a></li>

<li><a href="LISREL" title="LISREL">LISREL</a></li>

<li><a href="MedCalc" title="MedCalc">MedCalc</a></li>

<li><a href="Microfit" title="Microfit">Microfit</a></li>

<li><a href="Minitab" title="Minitab">Minitab</a></li>

<li><a href="MLwiN" title="MLwiN">MLwiN</a></li>

<li><a href="Shazam_(econometrics_software)" title="Shazam (econometrics software)">Shazam</a></li>

<li><a href="SigmaStat" title="SigmaStat">SigmaStat</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistica" title="Statistica">Statistica</a></li>

<li><a href="StatsDirect" title="StatsDirect">StatsDirect</a></li>

<li><a href="StatXact" title="StatXact">StatXact</a></li>

<li><a href="SYSTAT_(statistics_package)" title="SYSTAT (statistics package)">SYSTAT</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Unscrambler" title="The Unscrambler">The Unscrambler</a></li>

<li>Unistat</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analyse-it" title="Analyse-it">Analyse-it</a></li>

<li>Unistat for Excel</li>

<li><a href="XLfit" title="XLfit">XLfit</a></li>

<li><a href="RExcel" title="RExcel">RExcel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison</a> • Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">Numerical-analysis software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Simulation_Library" title="Advanced Simulation Library">Advanced Simulation Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li>

<li><a href="Euler_Mathematical_Toolbox" title="Euler Mathematical Toolbox">Euler Mathematical Toolbox</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeFem%2B%2B" title="FreeFem++">FreeFem++</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeMat" title="FreeMat">FreeMat</a></li>

<li><a href="Genius_(mathematics_software)" title="Genius (mathematics software)">Genius</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>

<li><a href="Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (Julia, Python, R; <a href="IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>)</li>

<li><a href="OpenFOAM" title="OpenFOAM">OpenFOAM</a></li>

<li><a href="SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li>

<li><a href="Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">Salome</a></li>

<li><a href="ScicosLab" title="ScicosLab">ScicosLab</a></li>

<li><a href="Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Discontinued12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DADiSP" title="DADiSP">DADiSP</a></li>

<li><a href="FEATool_Multiphysics" title="FEATool Multiphysics">FEATool Multiphysics</a></li>

<li><a href="GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>

<li><a href="LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a></li>

<li><a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<li><a href="MWorks" title="MWorks">MWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy</a></li>

<li><a href="VisSim" title="VisSim">VisSim</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison</a></li></ul>

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